Edition Mib
Timeline of binary prefixes
1940
1943-1944
JW Tukey coins the word bit like an abbreviation of "binary digit".
1948
Reference to Tukey's "Bit" is made in a document containing information theorist Claude Shannon.
1950
In the year 1950, "1 kilobit" meant "1000 bits:
"In the '50s, surprisingly — And only the total coincidence — I actually was given the task of writing the operational specifications [] They gave me this thing and said, "You're going to determine how the natural than the process works between the direction center, and — and I had no idea what they were talking about. … But we had a uh … kilobit lines connecting the centers of direction and I thought, "Good God! 1,000 bits per second. Well, it definitely be able to figure something to do with that." Saverah Were Stein
1952
The first magnetic core memory, the IBM 405 Alphabetic Accounting Machine, has been successfully tested in April 1952. (The picture shows 1012 cores, probably one of the 
"Teaming up with a more experienced engineer, [Mike Haynes] is a core memory with just enough capacity to provide all information to be stored in an IBM punched card: 960 8012 bits in an array. In May 1952 was successfully tested as a data buffer between a Type 405 alphabetical accounting machine and a Type 517 summary punch. This first functional test of a ferrite core memory during the same month a four-times smaller 16×16-bit ferrite core array was successfully tested at MIT. "
The IBM 701 computer, 72 Williams tubes of 1024 bits each, will be released in April.
Principles of Operation does not seem to use "kilobit" everywhere. Indicates that the storage tubes (IBM 706) hold 1024 bits each, drum memories (IBM 731) pressed 2048 words each.
The optional IBM 737 Magnetic core storage stores 4,096 words. Each plane is stored in 1616 = 4096 bits.
1955
The IBM 704 manual uses decimal arithmetic for powers of two, without prefixes
"Magnetic core storage units available with a capacity of either 4096 or 32,768 core storage registers, or two magnetic core storage units, each with a capacity of 4096 core storage registers can be used. Thus, magnetic core storage units available for the calculator give a capacity of 4096, 8192 or 32,768 core storage registers. "
"Every drum has a storage capacity of 2048 words."
1956
February
The IBM 702 Preliminary Manual of Information uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.
"Electrostatic memory is the main storage medium in the machine. It consists of cathode ray tubes of up to 10,000 characters of information to be stored in the form of electrostatic charges …. Additional storage as required can be provided by the use of magnetic drum storage units, each with a capacity of 60,000 characters. "
"A character is a letter of the alphabet, a decimal number, or one of eleven different characters or symbols used in report prints are. "
"Every one of the 10,000 positions of the memory is numbered from 0000 to 9999 and any stored character must occupy one of these positions. "(Page
July
The word byte was coined by Dr. Werner Buchholz In July 1956, during the early design for the IBM Stretch computer.
IBM 650 RAMAC announcement
"The 650 combines the IBM RAMAC 650 magnetic drum data processing machine with a series of disk storage units capable of storing a total of 24 million digits. The RAMAC 305 is a completely new machine with its own input and output devices and processing unit and includes a built-in 5-1000000-digit disk memory. "
1957
June
The IBM 705 Operating uses decimal arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes.
"A total of 40,000 characters can be stored in the main storage unit of type 705."
"Each of the 40,000 seats in the memory is numbered from 0000 to 39,999." (Page 17)
"One or more magnetic drums are available as optional equipment with a capacity of 60,000 characters. "
Lewis, WD, coordinated mobile broadband
Earliest example of "kilobits" in IEEE explore and both Google Scholar: "Central control of the mobile connection with a speed of 20 kilobits per second or less. "
1959
The term was introduced to 32k one of "about 32 times 1000" or "just 32 by 1024" mean.
Real, P. (September 1959). "A general analysis of variance program using binary logic.. ACM '59: Preprints of papers presented at the 14th national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM Press): pg 781-785. doi: 10.1145/612201.612294. "On a 32K core size 704 computer, approximately 28,000 data analysis, without resorting to additional tape storage.. The author is with the Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
1960
1960
Can
U.S. Patent 3,214,691 Frequency Diversity Communications System was filed on May 13, 1960:
"In actual construction, the delay line, a total delay of one hand, the other one baud (10 microseconds for a 100 kilobit per second information rate), can be produced from concentrated parameter elements, ie, coils and capacitors in a known manner. "
"On a 100 kilobit per second information rate, both mark and space signals will generally be shipped in a 0.0001 sec, interval, and therefore this requirement is simple a meeting with conventional resistors and capacitors. "
October
Gruenberger, Fred (October 1960). Letters to the Editor ". Communications of the ACM 3 (10). doi: 10.1145/367415.367419. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/367415.367419.
The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956, is now the standard for large machines and at least 200 machines the size (or the equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in the mid-1959).
1955-1961
A search of the Computer History Museum collection Stretch of 931 text documents dated from September 1955 to September 1961 shows not use k or K to describe key storage.
1961
Gray, L, Graham R (1961). Radio stations. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070242402. http://www.danglaeserbooks.com/si/1286.html. "In the case of transfer of business machine or telemetered data, more usual for the speed in bits or kilobits (1000 bits) per second to express. "
Quoted in OED as the first copy of "kilobit", though "it is more usual" he is already in common use (see timeline entry for 1957)
February 17
Described device contains 512 words, 24 bits each (= 12 288 bits)
September
"It is no longer reasonable to spend as much time to pass a 80 bit address and 12 kilobits of information post a 1500-1 ratio …. We have theoretically and experimentally proved that the speech can be compressed from the simple requirement that 48 kilobit PCM channel capacity up to 2400 bits by applying the Dudley syllabic vocoder. "
October
The IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage (65K means "about 65000")
"The additional core storage function for the IBM 7090 Data Processing System offers half IBM 7302 core storage, increasing the capacity of key storage by 32,768 words. The block of storage by 7302 both units is referred to as "the main storage device. "
"Additional storage core provides two methods for using main storage: (1) 65K modehe the computer is turned on for both the main storage units, and (2) the 32K modehe computer is capable of only one storage unit address, so that the main storage capacity of this program is actually 32,768 words. "
The IBM 1410 Data Processing System uses decimals arithmetic for powers of ten, without prefixes
Core storage units are available in 10,000 -, 20,000 – or 40,000-mark position capabilities. "
"The switch matrix allows the address of one of the 100 X-drive lines (in a 10K core array)."
"The core of 40K array requires 40,000 valid addresses five positions of 0,000 to 39,999."
"This operation check detects errors in the programming that cause invalid addresses Example: 40,000 .. and on top of a 40K core array, 20,000-and-on top of a 20K core array on a 10K core array, invalid addresses are detected by the address bus prior to arrival. "
1962
A reference to a "4k IBM 1401" 4000 marked signs of storage (memory).
1963
August
Ludwig used kilobits in the decimal sense
Drum Type Serial December 1924
"Drums are equipped to either 64, 128 or 256 to store data blocks so that a memory capacity of 16384, 32768, or 65536 computer words" (no abbreviations)
November
Honeywell 200 Summary Description
"The key is a magnetic core memory … The memory unit provided as part of the core central processor has a capacity of 2,048 characters, each of which is stored in a separate, addressable, storage location. This capacity can be expanded in modular increments by adding a 2048-character character module and additional modules 4096. "
"Random access disc file and control (disc capacity of up to 100 million marks are available.)
"Until eight drum storage units can be connected to the Model 270 Random Access Control Drum. Each drum for storage of 2,621,441 characters, making a total capacity of about 21 million characters. "
1964
April 1964 Gene Amdahl's seminal article on IBM System/360 used 1K to 1024 mean.
Leng, Gordon Bell, et al, to use K in the binary sense.:
"The computer has two blocks of 4K 18-bit words of memory (1K = 1024 words) attached to the central processor"
Falkin, Joel (May 1963). "Sort of a large volume, random access, drum storage" Communications of the ACM archive June (5). 240244 doi: .. 10.1145/366552.366580 " Tele Tele The Registry File contains data processor storage drum whose capacity is far above the requirements for sorting. … Tele-File data processor offers 16,000 positions in memory, each position storing a binary coded decimal characters. A floating system, the accumulator battery at a field in memory from 1 to 100 characters long. All indexing is programmatically accomplished. Input and output tape block is fixed at 300 characters per block. ".
IBM Data Processing Division press release distributed at April 7, 1964.
"System/360 core storage memory capacity ranges from 8,000 characters of information with more than 8,000,000."
IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360 – November
"An IBM 1401 Data Processing System with the following minimum configuration also need: 1. 4K positions of core storage "U.S. Patent 3317902 – ADDRESS SELECTION appliances – Posted April 6, 1964
"To better understanding of the invention, the main storage area is illustrated as being of 8K capacity, but it is understood that the main storage area can be a larger capacity (eg, 16K, 32K and 64K) by storing the address selection control data bit positions "2", "1" and "0" M register 197, respectively. '
1965
Wilkes, MV (April 1965). Slave Memories and Dynamic Storage Allocation. "Electronic Computers, IEEE Transactions on EC 14 (2): pg. 270271. Doi:. 10.1109/PGEC.1965.263967" A method for designing a slave of memory instructions is as follows Suppose the main memory, 64K words. (Where K = 1024), and hence, 16 bit address, and the slave memory has 32 words, and thus, 5 address bits. "
CPU IBM 1620 Model 1 System Reference Library, dated 7/19/65, states:
"A key storage module, which is 20,000 addressable storage positions of the magnetic core is located in 1620. … Two additional modules are available Each key storage module (20,000 places) is composed of 12 core planes as shown in Figure 3. Each plane contains all the core nodes for a specific bit value. "
1966
CONTIGUOUS U.S. Patent 3435420 BULK STORAGE addressing is filed on January 3, 1966
"Brand that "K" as used herein indicate "thousands." Each store in the present embodiment, 64 data bits and 8 parity bits are related, as herein described. '
"So, if only storage unit 1A were provided, would contain the addresses 0 through 32K, IB storage addresses would fall between 32K and 64K storage 2A would contain addresses between 64K and 96K, … "
1969
IBM 1401 Simulator for IBM OS/360
"1401 features supported advanced programming, sense switches, tapes, multiply, parts, 16K core, and all standard instructions, except Select Stacker. "
"1401 core is simulated by 16,000 bytes S/360 core dynamically obtained. "
"Enough core should be available for at least 70K for a potential problem program area. If tape simulation is not required, this key requirement can be reduced to 50K by removing the tape buffer area. "
U.S. Patent 3,638,185 HIGH DENSITY Permanent Data storage and processing system was completed on March 17, 1969 eldest Google Patent Search with "kilobyte")
"The data editor 606 provides the inflow and outflow of byte-oriented input / output data signals and interleaved with a speed of, for example, 500 kilobytes per second. Instruction processing rates of four to eight per microsecond are needed for such data streams. "
U.S. Patent 3,618,041 Memory Control System was completed on October 29, 1969
"FIG. 2a shows a practical example of an operand address that consists of such 24 bits. It is assumed here that each block contains 32 bytes, each sector comprises one kilobyte, the buffer memory 116 comprises 4 kilobytes, and read data is represented by a double word or 64 bits, a word in this case consists of 32 bits. "
IBM System/360 Component Descriptions (IBM 2314 Direct Access Storage Facility)
"Each module can store 29.17 million 58.35 million bytes or packed decimal places … total online storage capacity is 233.4 one million bytes "
DEC PDP-11 Handbook
"PDP-11 addressing modes: direct and … approach to 32K words "(Page 2) This seems the only use of K in this manual, however, be, put elsewhere sizes are set in full. Contrast 1973 PDP-11/40 Manual where K is defined as 1024. (Below)
1970
1970
"The following are excerpts from an IBM Data Processing Division press fact sheet distributed on June 30, 1970.
Users of the Model 165 has a choice of five main nuclear storage sizes ranging from 512,000 to over 3 million bytes. Seven main memory sizes are available for the Model 155, ranging from 256,000 to over 2 million bytes. "
The first 1024-bit DRAM chip, the Intel 1103.
Weiler, Paul W., Richard S. Kopp, Richard G. Dorman (May 1970). "A Real-Time Operating System for human spaceflight." Computers, IEEE Transactions on 19 (5): 388398. doi: 10.1109/TC.1970.222936. = ISSN 0018-9340. "Each of the five System/360 Model 75 computer (Fig. 2) has a megabyte of primary storage core plus four megabytes large core storage (LCS, IBM 2361). "
1971
IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates
"Configuration System/360: Model 40 with 64K bytes of storage and storage protection"
Contains many examples of "30K" "136K", "next highest multiple of 2K," "The maximum buffer size is 64K bytes", etc. There are calculations that can used to determine their exact meaning;. However, the letter "K" is sometimes used as a variable in this document (see page 23).
1972
September
Lin and Mattson introduce the term Mbyte.
Lin, Yeong, Mattson, Richard (September 1972). "Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies. Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on (IEEE) 8 (3): pg 390392. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1067329&isnumber=22917. "Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory is less than 1 Mbyte. For a capacity of 4 Mbytes and 16 Mbytes serial access to stores shift register length of 256 bits and 1024 bits, or favorable. ".
1973
Habib, Stanley (October 1973). "Notes from the industry". ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter (ACM Press) 4 (3): 29 pg. doi: 10.1145/1217132.1217137 ..
Oceanport, NJ, sept. 25, 1973 – A 16-bit minicomputer priced at under $ 2,000.00 in volume and a 32-bit minicomputer priced under $ 6,000.00 in quantities introduced today by International Data, Inc. The 16-bit mini, the Model 7 / 16, contains an 8KB memory unit in its basic configuration, and will be available for delivery in the first quarter of 1974. The unit price of 7 / 16 is € 3,200.00. The 32-bit mini, the Model 7 / 32, includes a 32KB memory unit and will be available for delivery in the second quarter of 1974. The unit price of 7 / 32 is $ 9,950.00.
December PDP-11/40 Manual
"Direct addressing of 32K 16-bit words or 64K 8-bit bytes (K = 1024)" (page 1-1) Contrast 1969 PDP-11 Handbook, which this use is almost ubiquitous. (Top)
1974
Winchester HDD's seminal 1974 article in which extensive use of Mbytes of M makes used in the conventional sense 106. Undoubtedly, all modern HDDs derive from this technology.
The CDC in October 1974 Product Line Card used uniformly MB HDD capacity in millions of bytes characterization.
1975
Byte Magazine December 1975 article on IBM 5100 includes the following:
"User-16K bytes in memory starting at the minimal configuration and can be extended to 64K bytes (65,536). "
Gordon Bell uses the term megabytes:
Bell, Gordon, Strecker, William (November 1975). "Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11 (PDF) ISCA '76:?. Proceedings of the annual symposium on Computer Architecture (ACM Press) 3rd:. Pg 114 ~ http://research.microsoft.com/ gbell / Digital / Bell_Strecker_What_we _learned_fm_PDP 11c-7511.pdf. "Memory (8k bytes to 4 MB)..
1976
December RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk maintenance manual
"Bit Capacity (formatted)" "25 million" | "50 million" (57,600 bits / track * 406 | 812 tracks = 23,385,600 | 46,771,200 bits
The Memorex 1976 annual report 10 cases of the use of megabyte storage devices and media describe.
Caleus Model 206-306 Maintenance Manual 3MB used to characterize a station with 3,060,000 bytes capacity.
The May 1 1 / 4 inch floppy disk drive, the Shugart SA 400, introduced in August 1976. The drive had 35 tracks and is one sided. The data shows the unformatted capacity as 3125 bytes per track for a total of 109.4 Kbytes (3125 x 1935 = 109,375). When formatted with 256 byte sectors and 10 sectors per track the capacity is 89.6 Kbytes (256 x 10 x 35 = 89,600).
1977
HP 7905A Disc Drive Operator's Manual
"Nearly 15 million bytes of No other abbreviations
1977 Disk / Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, published in June 1977
This first edition of the annual report on the hard disk makes extensive use of MB as 106 bytes. The industry, in 1977, is divided into nine sections, ranging from "Disk cartridge drives, up to 12 MB "to" Fixed Disk Drives, more than 200 MB. "While the categories changed during the next 22 years of publication, Disk / Trend, the most important marketing study of the hard drive industry has always and consistently categorized industry segments using prefixes M and G after the decimal sense.
VAX11/780 Architecture Handbook 1977-1978. Copyright 1977 Digital Equipment Corporation.
Page 2-1 "Physical address space of 1 gigabyte (30 bits of address)" The first hardware is limited to 2 M bytes of memory using 4K MOS RAM chips. The VAX11/780 manuals and use M byte Mbyte in the same paragraph.
1978
December RM02/03 Adapter Technical Handbook description
"The RM02 or RM03 Disk Drive (Figure 1-1) is a 80M byte (unformatted, formatted 67M byte) storage in the 16-bit format, the maximum data storage capacity is 33,710,080 words per disk pack (33710080 * 16 / 8 = 67420160 8-bit bytes)
1979
Fujitsu M228X Manual
"Storage capacity (formatted)" "67.4 MB "," 84.2 MB ", etc.
"20480 Bytes" per track, 4 tracks per cylinder, 808 15 cylinders = 67,420,160 bytes
Sperry Univac V77 Series Microcomputer Systems Brochure, Circa 1978, Printed July 1979
Page 5: Table list memory options such as 64KB, 128KB and 256KB. Memory expansion has 2048KB
Page 9: "Memory for V77-800 is available in 128K and 256K byte byte increments up to 2 megabytes "
Page 21: Moving Head Disks – up to 232 million units byte disk pack systems. Floppy Disk – 0.5 MB of storage per drive.
The following statistics were taken from the December 1979 edition of Byte Magazine and Datamation. The first number is the number of articles or advertisements that used a variant of megabyte hard drive or main memory, while the second number is the total number of times that it was used in the ad or article.
Variant
In the second decimal Sense
Used in Binary Sense
million
1 / 1
megabyte
9 / 12
1 / 1
MByte or M Byte
3 / 10
MB
5 / 18
Mb
2 / 2
1 / 3
M
1 / 1
Total
20 / 43
2 / 4
1980
1980
Shugart Associates Product Brochure, published in June 1980 to determine the capacity of the two hard drives using mega bytes and MB a decimal sense, eg SA1000 formatted capacity is listed as "8.4 MB" and is actually 256 321 024 = 8,388,608 bytes.
Shugart Associates SA410/460 Data Sheet published in October 1980 provides the capacity specifications:
Formatted capacity
SA410
Single / Double Density
SA460
Single / Double Density
Per disc
204.8/409.6 KBytes
409.6/819.2 KBytes
Per surface
204.8/409.6 KBytes
204.8/409.6 KBytes
Rail
2.56/5.12 KBytes
2.56/5.12 KBytes
Sectors / track
10
10
Shugart Associates was one of the companies that invented the 5 "FD using K in a decimal sense.
Note that the same data sheet MByte used in a decimal sense.
1981
8086 Object Module Formats
"The 8086 MAS is one megabyte (1,048,576)
Quantum Q2000 8 "Fixed Media Disk Drive Service Manual
"Four models … the Q2010 with an unformatted 10.66 MB capacity on a disk platter and two heads, the MB … 21.33 … 32.00 Mb 42.66 Mb …"
(1024 tracks "10.40Kb" per track = 10649 "Kb", which they write as "10.66Mb" so a "Mb" 1000 = "Kb")
(256 bytes per sector 32 sectors / tk = 8192 bytes, write them as "8.20Kb" per track)
"Storage capacity of 10, 20, 30 or 40 megabytes"
"4.34M bits / second transfer rate"
Apple Disk III Data Sheet
"Formatted Data Capacity: 140K bytes
Apple K is used in a binary sense since the actual formatted capacity is 35 tracks * 16 sectors * 256 bytes = 140 KB = 143,360 KB
1982
Brochure for the IBM Personal Computer (PC)
"User Memory: 16KB to over 512KB" "Single-sided or double sided 160KB 320KB floppy drives"
IBM (July 1982). Technical Reference: Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (revised ed.). IBM Corp.. 293 pages pp. 6025008.
"The drives are soft sectors, single or double, with 40 tracks per side. They change Frequency Modulation (MFM) coded in 512 byte sectors, giving a formatted capacity of 163,840 bytes per disk for single and 327,680 bytes per sided disc. "
Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual
"Total formatted Capacity … is 5 / 10 megabytes (32 sectors per track, 256 bytes per sector, tracks 612/1224)
1983
IBM S/360 S/370 Principles of Operation GA22-7000 contains the statement:
"In this publication, the letters K, M and G have the multipliers 210, 220 and 230 respectively. Although the letters are borrowed from the decimal system and stand for pounds 103, 106 and 109 mega giga they do not want decimal but instead the power available of 2 closest to the corresponding power of 10. "
IBM 341 4-inch disk drive
unformatted capacity "358,087 bytes"
"Total unformatted capacity (in kilobytes): 358.0"
Maxtor XT-1000 brochure
"Capacity, formatted" 9.57 MB per area = 10,416 bytes per track * 918 tracks per surface = 9,561,888 bytes (decimal MB)
Shugart Associates SA300/350 Data Sheet published around November 1983 (one of the first standard MIC 3.5 "FDDs) contains capacity specifications:
Formatted Capacity
Single-sided
Single / Double Density
Duplex
Single / Double Density
Per disc
204.8/409.6 kbytes
409.6/819.2 kbytes
By Area
204.8/409.6 kbytes
204.8/409.6 kbytes
Rail
2.56/5.12 kbytes
2.56/5.12 kbytes
Sectors / track
10
10
Shugart Associates, one of the leading companies use FD K in a decimal sense.
1984
The Macintosh operating system is an early, if not the oldest, the OS consistent use of SI prefixes in a binary sense.
In the original 1984 Apple Macintosh ad, page 8, Apple Disk 3 characterized as "400K," that is, 800,512 bytes or 409,600 bytes = sectors 400 KiB. Screenshots of Mac Finder shows the same use of K in the sense Ki. The February 1984 Byte Magazine review describes the FD as 400K bytes.
1986
Apple IIgs introduced in September 1986
ProDos16 used MB in a binary sense.
Similar use in "ProDOS Technical Reference Manual" (c) 1985, p. 5 & p. 163
Large digital System Mass Storage Handbook (c) dated September 1986
"GByte: An abbreviation for one billion (thousand million) bytes." p. 442
"M: An abbreviation for one million combined with a typical unit, such as bytes (MB), or Hertz (MHz) .." p444
1987
Seagate Universal Installation Manual
ST125 21 listed as "Megabyte" formatted capacity, later document appears to confirm that this is the decimal
Disk / Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, October 1987
First use of a decimal GB HDD market in this sense, Figure 1 provides: "Hard Drive DRIVES more than 1 GB "market size as $ 10,786.6 million.
Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1987) has binary definitions for kilobytes and megabytes.
kilobyte n [from the fact that 1024 (210) is the power of 2 closest to 1000] (1970): 1024 bytes
n megabyte (1970): 1,048,576 bytes
1988
First Wren VII 5 Inch Rigid Disk Drive Data Sheet, printed 11/88
"Capacity of 1.2 gigabytes (GB)
1989
IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/370, Audenaerde (GX20-0406-0), P50 (the last page), one has two tables, one to the decimal value of the power of 2 and 16 to sum to 260, and one which read:
Symbol
Value
K (kilo)
1,024 = 210
M (mega)
1,048,576 = 220
G (giga)
1,073,741,824 = 230
Electronic News, September 25 "Market 1.5GB disks"
"First and Maxtor drive are the only two makers of the new generation discs offer 1.5GB capacity in the range "
"IBM, Hewlett-Packard are, Fujitsu, Toshiba, Hitachi and Micropolis expected the market to 1.5 GB capacity "
1990
1990
GEOS ad
"512K of memory"
June
December RA90/RA92 Disk Drive Service Manual
"Storage capacity, formatted" "1.216 gigabytes"
1991
Micropolis 1528 Rigid Disk Drive Product Description
""…" GBytes 1.53 Up to 1.53 gigabytes (formatted) per drive" MBytes / Unit: 1531.1 (210,048.60815 = 1531152000)
1993
Microsoft Windows File Manager 3.11 MB in a binary sense.
1994
Micropolis 4410 disk drive information
"1052 MB formatted capacity"
"Unformatted per drive 1205 MB (133.85 MB per area, 9-read-write heads)
1996
August
FOLDOC defines the exabyte (EB 1) and 1024 petabytes (1024 PB), used in accordance with petabytes of binary 10245 B.
1997
Can
FOLDOC defines zettabyte (1 ZB) and 1024 exabytes (EB 1024) and yottabyte (1 YB) and 1024 zettabytes (1024 ZB).
1998
IEC launches unambiguous prefixes for binary multiples (KiB, MiB, GIB, etc.), reservations KB, MB, GB and so on for their decimal meaning.
2000s
2001
IBM, z / Architecture Reference Summary
Page 59, list the power of 2 and 16, and their decimal value. There is a column called 'Symbol', which list the K (kilo), M (mega), G (giga), T (tera) P (PETA) and E (EXA) for the power of 2, respectively, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
Peuhkuri takes IEC prefixes in his paper the Internet Measurement Conference 2001: "… let maximum size of 224 to 1 GB of RAM is required or confirmation numer … [sic] is within 32 KB area. … on a PC with Celeron processor with 512 MB memory … "
2004
2004 revision of IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Units (SI units, customary Inch Pound Units, and some other units), IEEE Std 260.1, IEC includes definitions for KB, MB etc, reserving the symbols KB, MB, etc. for their decimal counterparts.
2005
March
IEC prefixes approved by IEEE after a trial period of two years time.
On March 19, 2005 the IEEE standard IEEE 1541-2002 (Prefixes for Binary multiples) was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a trial period of two years time.
2007
Vista uses the traditional binary conventions (eg 1 KB = 1024 bytes 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes) for file and drive sizes and data rates [citation needed]
xxK XXM or convention in common use everywhere?
GParted uses IEC prefixes for partition sizes
Advanced Packaging Tool and Synaptic Package Manager to use standard SI prefixes for file
BitTornado uses IEC prefixes for file sizes and standard SI prefixes for data rates
IBM uses "exabytes" to mean 10246 bytes. "Each address space, a 64-bit address space, is 16 exabytes (EB) in size, an exabyte is slightly more than one billion gigabytes. The new address space is 264 logical addresses. It is 8 billion times the size of the former 2-gigabyte address space, or 18,446,744,073,709,600,000 bytes. "
2008
NIST guidelines require the use of IEC prefixes KiB, MiB … (And not KB, MB) to binary byte multiples
P29, he names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to February 1910, February 1920, February 1930, February 1940, February 1950 and February 1960 respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi, gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi and exbi, Egg. So, for example, is written as a kibibyte 1 KiB = 2 10 B = 1024 B, where B stands for byte unit. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to the non-standard use of the SI prefixes to avoid.
2009
Apple Inc. uses the decimal SI definitions of capacity (eg 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes) in the Mac OS X v10.6 operating system to meet standards body recommendations and conflicts avoid hard drive manufacturers specifications.
References
Ab ^ The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)
^ Waldrop Lecture Transcript
^ Computer History Museum Collection Stretch
^ The first magnetic core memory, the IBM 405 Alphabetic Accounting Machine. (Frank da Cruz, Columbia University Computing History, January 2001)
^ EW Pugh, Building IBM: shaping an industry and technology
^ IBM 701
The IBM ^ 701 Defense Calculator
^ IBM Manual: Principles of Operation Type 701 and associated equipment
^ IBM Archives: IBM 737 Magnetic core storage unit
^ Engineering Reference Manual IBM 737 magnetic storage
^ IBM Manual: 704 electronic data processing machine manual operation
^ 702 Preliminary Manual of Information
^ Timeline of the IBM Stretch / Harvest Era (1956-1961)
^ IBM Archives: 650 RAMAC announcement press release
^ 705 User
^ Lewis, WD, Coordinated broadband mobile telephony, IRE Transactions on Vehicular Communications, June 1957, Volume: 9, Issue: 1, page 4348.
The symbol used in K ^ 8K and 32K could mean 1000 or 1024
^ The IBM Stretch Collection (Computer History Museum)
^ Gaunt, W. Jr., Weller, D. (17/02/1961). "A 12-kilobit, 5-microsecond twistors variable to store" (PDF). Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of technical Papers. IV. (Bell Labs, Inc., Murray Hill, NJ, USA.) IEEE International. p. 106107. http://www.paritycomputing.com/jpdfs/ieee/ssc/ireissc4/1961004/01feb/0106gaun.pdf. 03/22/2007 fetched.
^ Halina, J. (September 1961). "The telephone channel in a Global Communications System. Communications, IEEE Transactions. 9. IEEE International. p. 247252. ISSN 0096-2244. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1097700. 03/22/2007 fetched.
^ IBM 7090 Data Processing System, Additional Core Storage – RPQ E02120
^ 1410 Data Processing System
^ Sonquiest, John A. (December 1962). "Fixed-word-length arrays in variable-word-length computers. Communications of the ACM (ACM Press) 5 (1912): pg 602. doi: 10.1145/355580.369093. "The following scheme for assigning storage for fixed-word-length arrays seems to meet these criteria and has been used successfully in working with linear arrays on a 4k IBM 1401. ".
^ Ludwig, GH (August 1963). "The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories". Space Science Reviews 2 (2): 175218 doi:. 10.1007/BF00216779 http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963SSRv….2..175L Received 03/22/2007 … "The data handling bit rates can be set by command at 1000, 8000, or 64,000 bits per second for the EGO missions, or in 4000, 16 000 or 64 000 bits per second for the POGO missions. … depending on whether the 1, 4, 8, 16 or 64 kbit rate in use. ".
^ December 24 Serial Drum Type
^ Honeywell 200 Summary Description
^ Amdahl, Gene M., Gerrit Blaauw and Fred Brooks (April 1964). Architecture of the IBM System/360 "(PDF). IBM Journal of Research and Development (IBM), 8 (2). http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf. Figure 1 shows storage (memory) capacity varies from different models in "Capacity 8-bit bytes, 1 K = 1024"
^ Gordon Bell: books, computers, Interviews, papers, patents, projects, Videos
^ Http: / / research.microsoft.com / users / GBell / Digital / Pulse Height Analyzer bellc.pdf Ling and CG Bell, J. Leng, JA Quarrington Patwardham and PK, "A Time-Shared Computer for Real-Time Information Processing," Instrumentation Techniques in Nuclear Pulse Analysis, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, Washington, DC Publication 1184, Report # 40, (1964).
^ IBM Archives: System/360 Announcement
^ IBM 7090/7094 Support Package for IBM System/360
^ 1401 Simulator for OS/360
IBM ^ System/360 Component Descriptions
^ PDP-11 Handbook
^ IBM Archives: System/370 Model 155 (Continued)
^ Who Invented the Intel 1103 DRAM chips
^ IBM System/360 Operating System: Storage Estimates
^ ACM SIGMICRO Newsletter, Volume 4, Number 3 (October 1973), ISSN :1050-916X
^ PDP-11/40 Manual
^ Http: / / www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/186/ibmrd1806D.pdf
^ CDC Product Line Card
^ Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11?
^ December RK05/RK05J/RK05F disk maintenance manual
Memorex ^ 1976 Annual Report
^ Caleus Model 206-306 Maintenance Manual
^ Shugart SA 400
^ HP 7905A Disc Drive Operator's Manual
^ VAX11/780 Architecture Handbook
^ December RM02/03 Adapter Technical Description Manual
Fujitsu M228X ^ Manual
^ Sperry Univac V77 Series Microcomputer Systems Brochure
Object ^ 8086 Module Formats
Quantum Q2000 ^ 8 "Fixed Media Disk Drive Service Manual
^ Http: / / www.macmothership.com / gallery / MiscAds / diskIIIa.gif
^ Http: / / www.macmothership.com / gallery / MiscAds / diskIIIb.gif
Brochure for the IBM ^ Personal Computer (PC).
^ Seagate ST 506/412 OEM Manual
^ IBM 341 4-inch disk drive
^ Maxtor XT-1000 brochure
^ Byte Magazine
^ Http: / / www.maclovers.com/antiquariato/media/2gs_desktop.gif
^ Seagate Universal Installation Manual
^ Later document
^ GEOS ad
^ Http: / / bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/disc/ra90/EK-ORA90-SV-003_RA90_RA92_Service_Jun90.pdf
^ Micropolis 1528 Rigid Disk Drive Product Description
^ Http: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Image: Windows_3.11_workspace.png
^ Micropolis 4410 disk drive information
^ Http: / / foldoc.org /? Query = exabyte Free Online Dictionary of Computing
^ Http: / / foldoc.org /? Query = zettabyte Free Online Dictionary of Computing
^ Http: / / foldoc.org /? Query = yottabyte Free Online Dictionary of Computing
^ Prefixes for binary multiples
^ A method for compress and anonymize packet traces Internet Measurement Conference archive Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Internet Measurement table of contents San Francisco, California, USA Session: Dealing with high speed links and other measurement challenges table of contents Pages: 257 to 261 years of publication: 2001 ISBN 1-58113-435-5 Author Mark Peuhkuri Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
^ "IEEE-SA Standards Board standards be revised COMMITTEE (RevCom) agenda of the meeting." 19.03.2005. Http: / / standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html. Retrieved 2/25/2007. "1541-2002 (SCC14) IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Prefixes for Binary Multiples [No negative comments were received during the trial use period, which is now complete; Sponsor requests elevation of status to full use.] Recommendation: Improve the status of trial-use standard for optimal use. Editors will be notified the necessary changes to take effect. The standard will be due to a maintenance action in 2007. "
^ "A short history of virtual storage and 64-bit addressability. http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/zoslnctr/v1r7/topic/com.ibm.zconcepts.doc/zconcepts_102.html. 02/17/2007 retrieved.
^ Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. (PDF). The International System of Units (SI). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. p. 23. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf. 18/06/2008 fetched.
^ "News – Snow Leopard: 1 GB = 1000 MB ". Macprime.ch. 19/06/2009. Http://www.macprime.ch/news/article/snow-leopard-1-gb-1000-mb/. 2009 – 08-29 retrieved.
^ "How Mac OS X disk capacity reports. Apple. 27/08/2009. http://support.apple.com/kb/TS2419. 08/30/2009 fetched.
Categories: Computing timelines | Units of information hidden categories: Articles needed cleanup April 2008 | All pages need cleanup | History Science Articles need expert attention | Articles need expert attention from May 2008 | All articles need expert attention | All articles with Unsourced statements | Articles With Unsourced statements since September 2009
About the Author
I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about stackers with ephedra , super slim capsule.
difference between router and router table MIB in Cisco 9100 router?
Help needed for my project, I project makes network management using SNMP protocol I am using 1. AdventNet Agent C Edition Agent 2. And if my router is a request, so I want consturct a MIB for this application? QUERY? 1.How to create router MIB Cisco 9100 router? 2.What are fields in the MIB?-Dharu
http://www.ciscosystems.com/en/US/docs/storage/san_switches/mds9000/sw/san-os/mibs/reference/guide/MIBRef.html
John Weller feat Jiorno Di Lampo 2009 MIB edition
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Cinderella R.John Wright Felt Doll Disney Limited Edition 250 NRFB MIB $799.99 |
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Bob Mackie The Tango Barbie 1999 Limited Edition MIB $695.00 |
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CWC Limited Edition Neo Blythe Black Berry Bush MIB! $659.99 |
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NEW MINT IN BOX RARE EDER DOLL BY SUSI EIMER FOR GOTZ LIMITED EDITION $368.53 |
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BRAND NEW LILY FROM JAN MCLEAN LIMITED EDITION VINYL DOLL MINT IN BOX $352.85 |
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Disney Snow White Designer Doll Limited Edition Sold Out MIB In Hand $424.99 |
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1998 Convention A Date with Barbie in Atlanta Limited Edition NRFB MIB $434.99 |
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Barbie Happy Holidays Edition MIB 1988 – 1991 $365.46 |
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Bob Mackie Gold Limited Edition BARBIE 1st Series SIGNED MIB $399.00 |
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Bob Mackie Gold Limited Edition BARBIE 1st Series MIB $395.00 |
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Michelle Obama Doll Franklin Mint MINT IN BOX Brand New! Limited Edition COA $199.99 |
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1st Ever Porcelain Bratz Doll Anyssa Limited Edition MIB $129.99 |
