Series Nib
M1 Carbine
Development of history
Limitations of weapons in the U.S. arsenal
During the year 1920, the U.S. military was looking for a convenient semi-automatic rifle in a lighter caliber to the M1903 bolt-action rifle chambered for the same powerful 0.30-06 Springfield replace standard round used in the BAR and the M1917/M1919 machine guns. U.S. Army Ordnance tested in competition semi-automatic rifles, designed by John C. Garand, John T. Thompson 'S Auto-Ordnance Corp., and John D. Pedersen. Following acceptance of the Garand rifle was designed by and chambered for the .276 Pedersen cartridge, the decision was made to 0.30-06 round simplify logistics services account. Standardized in 1936, the 0.30-06 M1 rifle was about one pound heavier than the M1903 was replaced.
A U.S. Marine with the M1 carbine in Guam, 1944.
A Saginaw M1 carbine, made in Grand Rapids, Michigan, used by Marines in the Pacific Theater in World War II.
For many specialized soldiers serving with the rapidly changing modern U.S. military plane before World War II, the full-size infantry rifle as an individual weapon had proven unworkable. This included an increasing proportion of the service forces (truck drivers, supply staff, and Radiom linemen) as well as some specialist frontline troops who may better weapon (paras need, officers, forward observers, medics, engineers and mortar crews). During pre-war and early war field exercises, it was noticed that these troops, when issued the rifle, often their individual weapon too heavy and cumbersome. Besides hindering the mobility of the soldier, a rifle often depended catch on brush, pop the helmet, or tilt it over the eyes. Many soldiers thought the gun slid the shoulder, unless hung diagonally across the back, which prevent the wearing of standard field packs and sacks oats. Alternative weapons like the M1911 pistol M1917 revolver and, while undeniably useful, were often not accurate enough or powerful. The Thompson submachine gun was very effective in close-range combat, but nevertheless severely limited in effective range (50-75 meters) and penetration, and not significantly simpler to implement or maintain than the service rifle.
U.S. Army Ordnance decided that a new weapon was required for other roles, but found a weapon for non-combat soldiers must not exceed five pounds to add to their existing equipment to load. The requirement for the new firearm called for a defensive weapon with an effective range of 300 meters, much lighter and handier than the gun, with greater range, firepower and accuracy than the gun, while weighing half as much as the machine gun.
The design of the M1 carbine
In 1938, the head of the Infantry requested the Ordnance Department develop a "light gun" or carbine, though the formal requirement for the weapon type is not approved until 1940s. This led to a match in 1941 by major U.S. firearm companies and designers. The prototypes for the U.S. M1 carbine were chambered for a new cartridge, the .30 carbine, a smaller and lighter .30 caliber (7.62 mm) round is very different from the .30 – '06 in both design and performance. The .30 Carbine cartridge was intermediate in the muzzle energy (ME) and muzzle velocity (MV). Essentially a rimless version of the obsolete .32 Winchester Self-loading cartridge, the .30 Carbine had a round nose 110 gr (7.1 g) bullet. From the M1 Carbine's 18 in (460 mm) barrel, the .30 Carbine cartridge produced a muzzle velocity of about 1970 m / s (600 m / s).
Winchester first did not submit of a design, as it was occupied in the development of 0.30-06 Winchester M2 military rifle. The rifle originated as a design by Jonathan "Ed" Browning, brother of the famous firearms designer John Browning. A few months after Ed Browning's death in May 1939, Winchester hired ex-convict David M. "Carbine" Williams, a convicted murderer and former smuggler who had started work on a short-stroke gas piston design while serving a prison sentence. (This story was unlikely the loose Based on the 1952 film starring James Stewart Carbine Williams.) Winchester hoping Williams would be able to complete several drafts completed by Ed Browning. Williams urged the inclusion of his short-stroke piston into the existing design. After the Marine Corps semi-automatic rifle trials in 1940, Browning's rear locking tilting bolt design unreliable found in sandy conditions. As a result, the gun was redesigned to a Garand-style rotating bolt and operating rod to take. In May 1941, the M2 rifle prototype had been shaved approximately 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) to just 7.5 lbs (3.4 kg).
From prototype to completion
Winchester contact the Ordnance Department to examine their rifle design. Ordnance believed the design could be adjusted downwards a carbine which weighed 4.5 to 4.75 lb (2.02.2 kg). In response, Major Ren Studler demanded a carbine prototype as soon as possible. The first model was developed in Winchester in 13 days by William C. Roemer and Fred Humeston Winchester three other engineers led by Edwin Pugsley latest version being Williams' of 0.30-06 M2 be reduced to 0.30 SL cartridge. This prototype, another patchwork cobbled together using the trigger lock housing and work of a Winchester M1905 rifle and a custom garand operating rod. The prototype was an immediate hit with the Army observers.
81 mm mortar team in action at Camp Carson, Colorado, April 24, 1943. The soldier on the left has hurled an M1 Carbine.
After the first test army in August 1941, the Winchester design team in order to develop a more sophisticated version. Williams participated in the completion of this test prototype. The second prototype successfully fought against another carbine candidates in September 1941, and Winchester was informed of their victory the following month. Standardization as The M1 Carbine was approved in October 22, 1941. Contrary to popular myth, Williams had little to do with the development of the carbine, with the exception of his short-stroke gas piston design. As a matter of fact, Williams went about creating his own design, apart from the other Winchester staff. Carbine Williams final 'draft was not ready for testing until December 1941, two months after the Winchester M1 Carbine had been adopted and type-classified. None of the extra design features have been included William in later M1 production. The supervisor of the project Winchester carbine, Edwin Pugsley, acknowledged that Williams' ultimate design was "an advance on the one that was accepted ", but noted that Williams' decision to go on was a clear obstacle to the project. Furthermore, in a memo in response to a potential lawsuit by Williams, in 1951 Winchester noted his patent for the short piston stroke had mistakenly received a previous patent that same principle of operation has been overlooked at the patent office.
Another stimulus to quickly snap the development was a concern about the use of the German glider-borne and paratroopers forces to infiltrate and attack strategic points behind the front lines, which support units and line-of-communication troops in combat with the enemy. Tankers drivers, artillery crews, mortar crews and other personnel were also issued the M1 carbine instead of the larger, heavier M1 rifle. Late, it was a folding-stock version of the M1 carbine developed after a request was made for a compact and light infantry arm for airborne troops. The first M1 carbines were delivered in mid-1942, with The first priority given to troops in the European Theater of Operations.
Combating the use
World War II
The M1 carbine with its limited power .30 cartridge was not originally intended as a primary weapon to fight infantry, nor was it comparable to more powerful guns late in the war. Nevertheless, the carbine was soon widely issued to infantry officers, and the U.S. paratroopers, officers, ammunition carriers, artillery forward observers, and other frontline troops. Her reputation in the frontline to fight was mixed. Some soldiers and Marines, especially those who were unable to produce a full-size rifle to use as their primary weapon, preferred the carbine over the Garand because of the small size of the weapon and light weight.
The carbine is generally gained high praise from airborne troops in the early stages of the war, issued the folds stock M1A1, but negative reports began air operations area in Sicily in 1943 and took the fall and winter of 1944.
In the Pacific theater, soldiers and guerrilla forces operating in heavy jungle with only occasional enemy contact generally praised for its combination of the snap light weight, short length, and accuracy at short distances. The carbine exclusive use of non-corrosive primer ammunition proved a godsend by troops and ordnance personnel serving in the Pacific, where barrel corrosion was a significant problem with 0.30-06 weapons like the M1 Garand rifle and the BAR, but not to the same extent in Europe, where some soldiers reported misfires attributed to the weaker non-corrosive primers. Other soldiers and Marines engaged in frequent firefights daily (especially those in the Philippines) the weapon was insufficient stopping power and penetration. Reports of the failure of the carbine to take out enemy soldiers to stop, sometimes after several hits, appeared in individual after-action reports, postwar assessments and service histories of both the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps. Aware of these shortcomings, the U.S. Army, Pacific Command Ordnance staff and the Aberdeen facility, small arms continued to shortened versions of the Garand throughout the war, but no one was ever officially adopted.
Some troops also found the .30 Carbine cartridge capable of penetrating small trees and light cover, but it was clearly superior to .45 caliber weapons such as the Reising and Thompson machine gun in accuracy and penetration. Lieutenant-Colonel John George, a small arms expert and intelligence officer in Burma with Merrill's Marauders, reported that the .30 rifle bullet could easily front and back of the steel helmets, bulletproof vests and the Japanese forces by reducing the time.
Variants
The M1 Carbine was originally intended to have selective-fire capability, but the decision was taken to the M1 into production without this function. Fully automatic function was incorporated into the design of the M2 (an improved, selective-fire version of the M1), introduced in 1944. Parts T18-T17 and allowed the conversion in semi-automatic M1 carbines in the selective fire M2 configuration.
The M3 carbine (a selective-fire with the M2 M1 IR Night vision scope or sniper) was first used in battle by armies during the invasion of Okinawa. For the first time, the U.S. soldiers had a gun that way they could visually identify Japanese infiltrate the American lines at night, even in pitch darkness. A team of two or three soldiers were used to support weapon and give. At night, the scope would be used to assault the Japanese patrols and forward units to detect. At that point, the operator a burst of automatic fire by fire in the greenish images of enemy soldiers. The M3 with the M1 sight had an effective range of about 70 meters (limited by the visual possibilities of vision). Fog and rain further reduced effective range of the weapon. It is estimated that fully 30% of Japanese casualties inflicted by rifle fire and during the Okinawa campaign were caused by the M3 and M1 carbine sniper scope.
Korean War
The M2 Carbine continued in use during the Korean War. The weapon was characterized by a selective-fire switch allowing optional fully automatic fire at a relatively high speed (850-900 rpm) and a 30-round magazine. The M3 M2 carbine with an improved (later, M3) infrared sniper scope also to fight back and was mainly used during the static phases of the conflict against the night infiltrators. The M3 M3 with the improved night vision in an effective range of about 125 meters.
In Korea, all versions of the carbine soon acquired a bad reputation for jamming in extreme cold conditions, eventually traced to inadequate recoil and a weak return springs. In 1951 the official U.S. Army evaluation the scores of individual after-action reports from combat arms cold weather failures, and complaints have been registered by forces due to stop wearing heavy gear or laden North Korean and Chinese troops at close range after multiple hits.
Vietnam
The M2 carbine was re-issued to a number of U.S. troops in Vietnam, particularly reconnaissance units (LRRP) and advisors as a substitute standard weapon. These weapons began to be replaced by the M14 at the beginning of 1960, which in turn was replaced by the M16 in the late 1960s, and many M1, M2 and M3 carbines were given to the South Vietnamese. Some were later captured at various points of the conflict by Vietcong, at least once removed from the M1A1 carbine folding stock and adapted to a different weapon.
The M1/M2 carbine and the M14 were eventually replaced by the M16 in the mid-1960s. The carbines were the hardest M1/M2/M3 produced family of U.S. military weapons for several decades, the greatest of these is the M1 version.
Design and operation
A U.S. anti-tank crew in combat in the Netherlands, November 4, 1944. The soldier on the far right holds an M1 Carbine
The M1 carbine's bolt mechanism is similar to the M1 rifle, but the rifle has a different gas system and trigger mechanism design. The gas is a lightweight rider-and-slide gas system. Initially fed from a 15 round magazine, one 30 round magazine was introduced for the M2.
The first carbines, before mid-1943, were originally equipped with a "V-cut" extractor for removal of redundancies round the room. The "V-cut" design proved to be flawed and unreliable. In the "V-cut" extractors are ground to a straight configuration, which improves reliability, until the factory production was able to better design supply.
The .30 Carbine cartridge was intermediate in both muzzle energy (ME) and muzzle velocity (MV). It is essentially a borderless version of the old Winchester .32 self-loading cartridge. De .30 Carbine had a round-nose 110 gr (7.1 g) bullet, unlike Spitzer bullet design found in most full-power rifle cartridges of the day. From the M1 carbine with 18 in (460 mm) barrel, the .30 Carbine cartridge produced a muzzle velocity of about 1970 m / s (600 m / s), a rate between that of contemporary submachine guns (approximately 900 to 1600 m / s (300,500 m / s)) and full-power rifles and light machine guns (about 2400-2800 m / s (700,900 m / s)). The M1 carbine the maximum effective combat range of 300 meters (270 ft), the bullet has about the same energy as the 7mm Nambu pistol rounds as do on the muzzle. Bullet drop is significant past 200 meters (180 ft).
One characteristic of .30 Carbine ammunition is that from the start of production, non-corrosive primers were specified. This was the first major use of this type of primer in a military firearm. Because the rifle had a closed gas system, not normally disassembled, corrosive primers would have led to a rapid deterioration of the gas system. The use of non-corrosive primers was a novelty to service ammunition at this time. Some misfires were reported in the beginning many of .30 Carbine ammunition, attributed to moisture penetration of non-corrosive primer compound.
Categorization The M1 carbine series has been the subject of much debate. The M1 is sufficiently accurate at close range. At 100 meters (91 ft), can provide groups of between 3 and 5 minutes from the angle, sufficient for the intended purpose as a close-range defensive weapon. Its muzzle energy and range than a machine gun of the period, while the bullet is much lighter in weight and smaller in diameter than the .45 caliber weapons, and much less powerful than those of other service rifles of the period. The M1 and M2 carbines later were never designed to be guns, StG44 like the later German and Russian AK-47, and .30 carbine cartridge provides significant muzzle velocity (about 350 m / s (110 m / s)) to both. Moreover, the bullets used in the patterns of the AK-47 and Spitzer StG44 his designs, and suffer less energy loss and trajectory drop at distances exceeding 100 meters. Most authorities list the effective control of the reach of the M1 carbine at about 200 meters, compared to 250-300 meters (230,270 m) for the AK-47 and StG44.
Attachments
A United States Marine equipped with an M1 Carbine in the Battle of Iwo Jima, in February 1945. An M8 grenade launcher can be seen attached to the muzzle of the weapon
The M1 carbine was used with the M8 grenade launcher, which was fired with the M6 22 mm rifle cartridge to launch grenades. It also recognizes the M4 bayonet, which was based on the M3 knife. The M4 bayonet was the cradle of the M6 and M7 bayonet-knives. The carbine was changed from the original design on a bayonet, because of requests from the field to take. Very few rifles with bayonet lugs reach the front lines before the end of World War II. This change was made to nearly all rifles at Arsenal rebuild after World War II. By the time the Korean War began, the bayonet-equipped M1 was standard issue. It is now rare to an original M1 carbine bayonet lug equipped to find. As carbines were refurbished at arsenals, components such as the magazine catch, rear sight, barrel band with bayonet lug, and stock were upgraded to the current standard issue parts, usually parts redesigned for the M2 carbine. EAD.
During The Second World War, the T23 flash hider was also developed, which can significantly reduce muzzle flash, it was developed from an earlier model for the Garand.
Production and use of foreign
A total of more than 6 million M1 carbines of the different models were manufactured, making it the most produced small arm for the U.S. Army during World War II. Despite being designed by Winchester, the great majority of these were made by other companies (see list of military contractors below). The largest producer was the Inland division of General Motors, but many others are made by contractors as diverse IBM, the Underwood Typewriter Company, and the Rock-Ola jukebox company. Some contractors made all parts for carbines by their names: some parts purchased from other major manufacturers contractors or small parts to companies like Marlin firearms or Auto-Ordnance. Dividing by all authors to be interchangeable. Irwin-Pedersen models were than produced in a little over 4,000. Many carbines were refurbished at several arsenals after the war, with many interchangeable parts of the original creator carbines. True pristine war production carbines, therefore the most desirable for collectors.
The SAS used the M1 & M1A1 carbines after 1943. The weapon was put into service because a decision was taken by Allied authorities to supply arms .30 caliber of U.S. stocks in the weapons containers dropped Resistance groups sponsored by an SOE, or later, Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the organizer, assuming the groups to come would be operating in areas within the operational limits of U.S. troops committed to Operation Overlord. [Citation needed] They appeared to be tailored to the nature of the effect of the two Britons, two French and one Belgian Regiment conducted. It was handy enough to parachute in, and moreover, could easily be stored in an operating Jeep. These weapons are still used as late as the Malaysian Emergency. Other specialist intelligence collection units, such as 30 Assault Unit sponsored by the Naval Intelligence Division of the British Admiralty, which operated throughout the Allied area of operations, also used this weapon. [Citation needed]
Small numbers of captured rifles were used by German troops in the Second World War, especially after D-Day. The German designation for captured carbines were Selbstladekarabiner 455 (a). The "(a)" came from the name of the country German, in this case, America.
A variant was produced shortly after the Second World War by the Japanese manufacturer Howa Machinery, under the supervision the U.S.. These were issued to all branches of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, and large numbers of them found their way to Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.
Numerous examples were collected and used by the Israeli Palmach-based special forces in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Their compact size and semi-automatic opportunities they were given to companies exploring the Israel Defence Forces.
It was also used by police and border control in Bavaria after the Second World War and in the year 1950. The carbine were stamped by the industry they were employed with, for example, they were used by the border guard stamped "Bundesgrenzschutz. Some of these weapons were modified with different sights, finishes, and sometimes new barrels.
After the Korean War, the carbine was widely exported to U.S. allies and client countries (like South Korea, Taiwan and other European allies), and was used well as a frontline weapon in the Vietnam era. The M1 carbine was issued to the Korean and Israeli military and police.
The M1A1 was also used by French paratroopers (like the 1er RCP) during the Algerian war from 1954 to 1962.
Police Field Force of the Royal Malaysian police together with other units of the British army in the Malayan Emergency, the M2 Carbine was issued to both jungle patrols and outpost defense. The Royal Ulster Constabulary also used the M1 carbine.
Current military use
The Israeli police will still use the M1 carbine as a standard long gun for non-combat elements and Mash'az volunteers. During the late 1990s, police began issuing a Micro Galil variant called the Magal chambered in .30 carbine, but after major problems with several failures, she pulled the weapon from service in 2001.
In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a police battalion named BOPE (Batalho de Operaes Policiais Especiais, or Special Police Operations Battalion ") still uses the M1 carbine.
The Government of the Philippines still issues M1 carbines to the infantrymen of the 2nd Infantry Division Philippine Army [needed quote] assigned in Luzon Island (some units are simply issued M14 automatic rifles and M1 carbines) and the geographical unit or civilian auxiliaries (CAFGU) and civilian volunteer organizations (CVO) across the Philippine archipelago. Some provincial police forces of the Philippine National Police (PNP) still uses the M1 carbines and some government issue operational units of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). In certain provinces of the Philippines, including Cavite, Batangas and Pangasinan, M1 carbines are still highly valued Many people do not nostalgic or historical reasons, but most preferred weapon for use in a blood feud when ambushcades is involved. Elements of the New People's Army Secessionist movement and the Islamic value of the rifle as a weapon of light weight and preference for mountain operations, and ambush operations. The M1 carbine in a way one of the most recognized firearms in the Philippine society has become, the Marikina City based ARMSCOR Philippines still continues to produce Philippine made .30 caliber ammunition for the Philippine market.
Users
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Allies of World War II (1940)
Austria (1950s70s, Austrian army and police)
Bavaria (1945arly 1950, Border Guard)
Brazil (present, BOPE)
Cambodia (19671975)
Ethiopia
France (1954-1962, Algerian War)
Germany (German guards some German police and army paratroopers (1950-1960)
Greece (Hellenic (Greek) Air Force to mid 80s)
Israel (19451957, Israel Defence Forces, 1970sresent, Israel Police, 1974resent, the Guardia Civil)
Italy (Carabinieri, as of 1992)
Japan (National Police Reserve) (1950-1989)
Liberia
Mexico (police and security services)
Netherlands (1940-'70, army and police)
Norway (Norwegian Army 1951-1970, with some Norwegian police forces until the year 1990)
Philippines (Post-WWII)
South Korea (1950-present, Reserve Force)
Turkey (used by troops in South Korea)
Suriname (?-Present, military)
South Vietnam (1960s70s)
Taiwan (Republic of China) (1950-present)
Thailand Locally known as the 0.87.
Vietnam (Captured batches)
United Kingdom
United States (1940s60s/70s, Armed Forces) and some law enforcement agencies (1940-present)
Variants
M1A1 Carbine. Paratrooper model with folding butt stock.
Carbine, Cal .30, M1A1
Folding stock, 15-round magazine
Paratrooper model
About 150,000 produced
Carbines originally issued with the M1A1 folding stock were made by Inland, a division of General Motors. Inland production of M1A1 carbines were alternated with Inland M1 carbines with the production of standard stock. Stocks were often confused as carbines were rebuilt arsenals. An original Inland M1A1 carbine with an original stock is rare today.
Carbine, Cal .30, M1A2
Proposed variant with improved sight adjustable for windage and elevation
Produced only as "overstamped model (an Arsenal-M1 renovated with new rear sight and other late improvements M1)
Carbine, Cal .30, M1A3
Pantograph stock, 15-round magazine
Standardized type to replace the M1A1, but not issued.
Pantograph stock was more rigid than the M1A1's folding stock folded and rinse the stem.
Carbine, Cal .30, M2
Beginning 1945
Selective fire (fully automatic fire)
30-round magazine
About 600,000 produced
The M1 Carbine was originally intended to a selective-fire capability, but the decision was taken to the M1 into production without it. Fully automatic function was included in the design of the M2 (an improved, selective-fire version of the M1), introduced in 1944. The M2 was a revised wood stock and recommended improvements to the M1 late the rear sight, a bayonet lug, and other small changes.
While some carbines were marked in the factory or M 2, the only a big difference between M1 and M2 carbine, the fire control group. The military issued field conversion kits (T17 and T18) to convert an M1 to M2. (A carbine Legal M2 machine gun has always been a part of the national firearms registry purposes.)
Other changes in the M2 was developed for a 30 round magazine catch with three nibs (as opposed to two in the fifteen round magazine), and a magazine catch with third retaining surface. These M2 components, including the heavier stock M2 were standardized for Arsenal rebuilding of M1 and M1A1 carbines.
(A custom screw replacing the original round flat top bolt to machining steps in the production store. Many sources incorrectly refer to this round bout as a 'M2 Bolt, "but it was developed as a standard new production line for M1 and M2 carbines and later as a replacement part, with priority given to use on M1A1 and M2 carbines. The slightly heavier round bout has moderate the cyclical rate of the M2 on full auto.)
Carbine, Cal. 30, M2A2
Arsenal refurbished (Overstamped M2) model
Carbine, Cal .30, M3
M2 with mounting (mount T3) for an early active (IR) night vision sight.
Approximately 3,000 produced.
Three versions of the night visibility (M1, M2, M3)
Original Korean War USMC M3 Sniper Scope
The M3 carbine was an M2 carbine equipped with an infrared eye to mount designed for use at night to accept. It was initially used with the M1 sniper scope, an active infrared vision, and saw action in 1945 with the army during the invasion of Okinawa. Before the M3 carbine and M1 sniper scope were type-classified, they were known as the T3 and T120, respectively. The system continued to be developed, and by the time of the Korean War, the M3 carbine was used with the M3 sniper scope.
The M2 sniper scope extended the effective nightly coverage of the M3 carbine to 100 meters. In the later stages of the Korean War, an improved version of the M3 carbine, with a revised mount, a forward pistol grip and a new M3 sniper scope design was used in the final stages of Korea and briefly in Vietnam. The M3 sniper scope had a large active infrared illuminator placed at the top of the scope body itself, making use of the prone position. The revised m3/m3 had an effective range of about 125 meters. Eventually, the M3 and the M3 carbine sniper scope would be replaced by passive design night vision scopes with extensive visible achieve improved scopes in turn requires the use of rifle caliber weapons flatter trajectories and greater hit probability.
Military Contractors
Inland Division, General Motors (production: 2,632,097), the only producer of the M1A1 Carbine. Receiver marked "INLAND DIV.
Winchester Repeating Arms (production: 828,059) Receiver marked "Winchester"
Irwin-Pedersen (Operated by Saginaw steering and the production included in Saginaw total)
Saginaw Steering Gear Division of General Motors (production: 517,213) Receiver marked "SG Saginaw (370 490) and" IRWIN-Pedersen " (146723)
Underwood Elliot Fisher (production: 545,616) Receiver marked "Underwood"
National postal meter (production: 413,017) Receiver marked "national postal METER"
Quality Hardware Manufacturing Corp. (production: 359,666) Receiver marked "QUALITY HMC"
International Business Machines (production: 346,500) Receiver marked "IBM Corp."
Standard products (production: 247,100) Receiver marked "STD. PRO."
Rock-Ola Manufacturing Corporation (production: 228,500) Recipient of the letters "Rock-Ola"
Commercial Controls Corporation (Production: 239) Receiver marked "COMMERCIAL CONTROLS"
Commercial copies
Several companies made copies of the M1 Carbine after the Second World War, which varied in quality. Some companies use a combination of original USGI and new commercial parts, while others all firearms manufactured from new parts, which may or may not be the same quality as the original. These copies were sold to the general public and police authorities, but were not made for or used by the U.S. military.
An Auto-Ordnance AOM-130 Carbine manufactured in 2007.
In 1963, firearms designer Melvin M. Johnson introduced a version of the M1 Carbine called the "Spitfire" which one 5.7 mm (.22 in) famous wild cartridge fired as 5.7 mm or 0.22 MMJ Spitfire. Johnson promoted to the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas. While the concept had some military application used for this role in the selective-fire M2 Carbine was not extended, and some Spitfire carbines were made.
More recently, the Auto-Ordnance division of Kahr Arms began production of an M1 Carbine replica in 2005. The original Auto-Ordnance had produced various parts for IBM during World War II, but not manufacturing complete carbines to the introduction of this replica. The AOM110 AOM120 and models (discontinued) recommended birch stocks and handguards, PARKERIZED receivers, flip-style rear sights and barrel bands without bayonet lugs. The current and AOM130 AOM140 models are identical except for the American walnut stock and handguards.
An Israeli Arms Company (Advanced Combat Systems) offers an updated version called the bullpup Hezi SM-1. The company claims that the accuracy of 1.5 MOA at 100 meters (91 ft).
Other commercial manufacturers have included:
Alpine
Auto-Ordnance (now a subsidiary Kährs Arms)
Howa rifles and parts made for the post-war Japanese and Thai soldiers, and a limited number of shotgun version
Erma Werke rifles and parts made for the postwar West German army, and 0.22 replica rifles for export
Israel Arms International (IAI) from Houston Texas rifles assembled from parts from other sources
National Ordnance
Texas Armament Co
Plainfield Machine Co. (later purchased and operated by Iver Johnson)
Universal Firearms – Universal Early guns were, like other manufacturers, assembled van USGI parts. However, starting in 1968, the company began producing the "New Carbine" that appeared on the outside the M1, but was in fact a completely new internal firearm, using a different receiver, bolt carrier, bolt, recoil spring assembly, etc. with almost no interchangeability with USGI carbines.
Universal was later bought by Iver Johnson.
The Iver Johnson company produced carbines in the style of Plainfield Machine Co. and followed the example of Universal in producing a pistol version called the "Enforcer".
Hunting and civilian use
Patty Hearst holding an M1 carbine during her infamous bank robbery attempt.
A famous photograph of Malcolm X that an M1 with two 30-round magazines "jungle-clipped" together.
The M1 carbine is still in use by numerous civilian casualties and police shooters around the world. De .30 Carbine cartridge is used for some types of hunting, including white-tailed deer, but it is definitely underpowered for larger North American game such as elk, moose and bear. Some U.S. states prohibit the use of the cartridge for hunting deer and larger animals caused by a decreased chance of killing an animal in a single shot, even with expanding bullets. The carbine for hunting is prohibited in several states, including Pennsylvania, because of the semi-automatic function and Illinois, all non-muzzleloading rifles for hunting big game bans. The .30 carbine cartridge and the M1 carbine suitable for the same oriented game with 0.32 and 0.32-20 Winchester Winchester self loading cartridges and hunting arms in these calibers.
The ease of use and large adaptability of the weapon resulted in it being used by Malcolm X (as a self defense tool) and Patty Hearst (such as a bank robbery weapon). Both were featured in the famous news photographs wearing the M1 carbine.
Related equipment and accessories
Ammunition types
Main article: .30 Carbine
The ammunition used by the military with the carbine include:
Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Ball, M1
Cartridge, Grenade, Caliber .30, M6 (also allowed for other empty containers used to due to the lack of a dedicated empty cartridge)
Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Dummy, M13
Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Ball, testing, high pressure, M18
Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Tracer, M16 (also rated as an inflammatory effect)
Cartridge, Caliber .30, Carbine, Tracer, M27 (dimmer lights and no incendiary effect)
References
Notes
^ Julian S. Hatcher, Hatcher's Notebook, Military Service Publishing Co., 1947
^ Walter HB Smith, Rifles, Military Service Publishing Co., 1948.
^ Larry Ruth M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production (The Gun Room Press, 1979, ISBN 088227-020-6) contains Ordnance many documents related to the "Light Rifle" specification that led to the M1 carbine
Abc ^ Canfield, Bruce N., "'Carbine' Williams: Myth & Reality" The American Rifleman, February 2009.
^ Bishop, Chris (1998), The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, New York: Orbis Publiishing Ltd., ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.
^ Weeks, John, World War II Small Arms, Orbis Publishing (1979), p. 130
Ab ^ George, John, shots fired in anger, NRA Press (1981), p. 394
^ Rush, Robert S., GI: The American infantryman in the World War II, Osprey Publishing Ltd. (2003), ISBN 1841767395, p. 33: Officers were issued 0.45 M1911 pistols as individual weapons until 1943, when they were the M1 Carbine instead of the gun issue.
^ Rush, Robert S., GI: The American infantryman in World War II, Osprey Publishing Ltd. (2003), ISBN 1841767395, pp 33-35: Officers and NCOs, as well as air and other elite troops were often allowed to use Ordnance personnel exchange for their individual weapon of choice.
^ Shore, C. (CAPT), with British Snipers To The Reich, Lancer Militaria Press (1988), p. 191-195: Small-statured men like Capt. Shore and Sgt. Audie Murphy was the carbine such as the small stock size, they fit particularly well.
^ Gavin, James M. (Lieutenant General), War and Peace in the Space Age, New York: Harper and Brothers (1958), p. 57, 1963: Col. Gavin's love affair with his M1A1 carbine ended in Sicily, when his carbine and Major Vandervoort jammed repeatedly. Find rare carbine rifle fire suppression fire from the German infantry, and he traded with Vandervoort wounded soldiers for their M1 rifles and ammunition, Gavin was wearing a M1 rifle for the rest of the war.
^ Burgett, Donald, Seven roads to hell, New York: Dell Publishing (1999), ISBN 0440236274 p. 153-154: Burgett, a machine gunner in the 101st Airborne from Normandy to the Battle of the bulge, witnessed several failures of the 0.30 carbine to the German soldiers to stop after being hit.
^ Ab, Shore C. (CAPT), with British Snipers to the Reich, Lancer Militaria Press (1988), p. 191-195
Ab ^ Dunlap, Roy, Ordnance Went Up Front, Samworth Press (1948), p. 297
^ U.S. Army manual on Japanese forces: Bulletproof clothing, technical manual, September 15, 1944, Chap. X, sec. 4 (b) http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJA/HB/HB-10.html
^ George, John, shots fired in Anger, NRA Press (1981), p. 450
Abcd ^ Rush, Robert S., U.S. infantryman in the Second World War, Osprey Publishing (2002), ISBN 1841763306, 9781841763309, p.53
Abcd ^ M3 Infra Red Night Sight Article
^ Dill, James Winter of the Yalu, Changjin Journal 06/22/1900
^ Ab SLA Marshall, Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950-1951, Report first ORO-R-13, October 27, 1951, Project Doughboy [Limited], Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army (1951)
^ Diagram Group (1991), Weapons: An international encyclopedia from 5000 BC to 2000 AD, New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., ISBN 0-312-03950-6.
Ab ^ Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, 6th ed. DBI Books Inc. (1989), p. 52
^ Dunlap, Roy, went Ammunition Front Samworth Press (1948), p. 293
^ "A Pocket History of the M1 Carbine" – Fulton Armory
^ Donald M. Goldstein, Katherine V. And Michael J. Dillon Wenger, Nuts! The Battle of the Bulge, the Brassey, 1994, ISBN-0-02-881069-4. Page 75, picture 4-69, captured German film shows German officer armed with an M1 carbine in the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944.
^ Http: / / www.cameron-highland-destination.com/jungle-beat-roy-follows-fort-brooke.html
^ William, and Jack Moran, Grace P. 1959 Spearhead in Malaya Davies, p. 239
^ Crawford, Oliver, the door Malaya, London: Rupert Hart-Davis (1958), p. 88
^ British Central Office of Information Information Services Overview of current affairs HM Stationary Office 1977
^ Hogg, Ian (1989). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1989-90, 15th edition. Jane's Information Group. p. 216. ISBN 0710608896.
^ Jones, Richard (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. p. 898. ISBN 0710628692.
^ Larry Ruth, M1 Carbine: Design, Development & Production, Gun Room Press, 1979, p.173.
^ Canfield, June 2007, p. 37
^ Rock-Ola M1 Carbine
^ The Spitfire fired a 40-grain (2.6 g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of 2850 ft / s (870 m / s) for a muzzle energy of 720 foot-pounds force (980 J). Barnes, Frank C. Cartridges of the World (FDI, 1978) p.127.
^ Barnes, 1989 edition.
^ "Auto-Ordnance M1 carbines" – Car Ordnance.com
^ "Carbine M1" – American Rifleman
^ "ACS Hezi SM-1 – SecurityArms.com
^ "Hezi SM-1 Upgrade" – AdvancedCombat.com
^ "Universal Firearms Corporation – Bavarianm1carbines.com
^ Pennsylvania Game Commission – State Wildlife Management Agency: Deer Hunting Laws and Regulations
^ Illinois: Summary of Hunting and Trapping Regulations 2007-2008, "Statewide Deer Hunting Information", Illinois Department of Natural Resources, p. 11.
^ TM 9-1305-200/TO 11A13-one to ten one hundred no-Small Arms Ammunition, 1961, p. 39-41
Resources
This section contains a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (April 2009)
Barnes, Frank C., Cartridges of the World, DBI Books Inc., 1975, 1978, 1989.
Canfield, Bruce N. (June 2007). A new life: The post-WW II M1 Carbine. American Rifleman.
Dunlap, Roy F. Ordnance Went Up Front. The Samworth Press, 1948.
George, John (Lieutenant Colonel), shots fired in anger, NRA Press, 1981.
Hufnagl, Wolf Dieter. USKarabiner M1 Waffe und Zubehr, Motorbuchverlag, 1994.
IBM Archives
Korean War cold weather disturbances
Marshall, SLA Commentary on Infantry and Weapons in Korea 1950-1951, the first report ORO-R-1913, Doughboy Project, Report ORO-R-13, October 27, 1951 [Limited], Operations Research Office (ORO), U.S. Army (1951)
Shore, C. (CAPT), with British Snipers to the Reich, Lancer Militaria Press (1988)
U.S. Government. Departments of the Army and the Air Force. TM 9-1305-200/TO 11A13-one to ten one hundred no-Small Arms Ammunition. Washington, DC: Departments of Defense and Air Force, 1961.
Standard Catalog of U.S. Army Ordnance items. Second edition 1944, Volume III, p. 419
Weeks, John, World War II Small Arms, London: Orbis Publishing Ltd. and New York: Galahad Books, ISBN 0883654032 (1979)
Worrell, Jessica (2003). "Range of a rifle bullet." The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/JessicaWorrell.shtml.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: M1 Carbine
U.S. Army M1 Carbine Technical Manual
M1 Carbine article
M1 Carbine Family: M1, M1A1, M2, M3
The M1/M2 Carbine Magazine FAQ
Auto-Ordnance M1 carbines
90th Reference manual page including FM 23-7 Carbine, 1942 manual
Articles page including information on blank adapting the M1 carbine
M1 Carbine page on modern firearms
vde
U.S. infantry weapons of World War II and Korea
Side arms
M1911/M1911A1 pistol M1917 revolver Smith & Wesson "Victory" revolver
Rifles and carbines
Springfield M1903 M1 Garand M1 Carbine M1941 Johnson Rifle BAR M1918
Machine Guns
M1928/M1/M1A1 Thompson ("Tommy Gun") M3 "Grease Gun" Reising M50/M55 United Defense M42
Grenades
Mk 2
Shotguns
Winchester Model 1897 Ithaca M37 Winchester Model 1912
Machine guns and larger
M1917 Browning M1919 Browning M1941 Johnson LMG Browning M2 Bazooka M2 flamethrower
Cartridges
.45 ACP .38 Special 0.30-06 Springfield .30 Carbine .50 BMG
Categories: 7.62 mm firearms | World War II American infantry weapons | World War II semi-automatic rifles | Cold War infantry weapons | Vietnam War weapons | Korean War infantry weapons | Curio and Relic Firearms Hidden categories: All articles with Unsourced statements | Articles with Unsourced statements from April 2007 | Articles with Unsourced statements by November 2009 | Articles that additional references from December 2009 | All articles that additional references | Articles lacking in the text quotes from April 2009 | All articles lacking in the text citations
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